funding for a wide range of scientific activities under the HGP's umbrella beyond human genome sequencing, including technology development, physical and genetic mapping, model organism genome mapping and sequencing, bioethics research, and program management. But the latter number represents the total U.S. The originally projected cost for the U.S.'s contribution to the HGP was $3 billion in actuality, the Project ended up taking less time (~13 years rather than ~15 years) and requiring less funding - ~ $2.7 billion.

The above estimated cost for generating the first human genome sequence by the HGP should not be confused with the total cost of the HGP. The truth is likely somewhere in between.

At the lower bound, it would seem that this cost figure is at least $500 million at the upper bound, this cost figure could be as high as $1 billion.

Such a calculation requires a clear delineation about what does and does not get 'counted' in the estimate further, most of the cost estimates for individual components can only be given as ranges. The above explanation illustrates the difficulty in coming up with a single, accurate number for the cost of generating that first human genome sequence as part of the HGP. Of note, generating the final human genome sequence by the HGP also relied on the sequences of small targeted regions of the human genome that were generated before the HGP's main production-sequencing phase it is impossible to estimate the costs associated with these various other genome-sequencing efforts, but they likely total in the tens of millions of dollars. The estimated cost for advancing the 'draft' human genome sequence to the 'finished' sequence is ~ $150 millionworldwide. The HGP then proceeded to refine the 'draft' and produce a 'finished' human genome sequence (as described above), which was achieved by 2003. See Also The Best VPN Server Countries to Connect Through 'Unfair and irresponsible' claim? Pinoy vlogger sa South Korea, inimbestigahan ang 'Hermes snub' kay Sharon Cuneta Hocus Pocus 2 Ver Películas Online Gratis Castellano 20 mejores campañas en redes sociales It is difficult to estimate the costs associated with the 'human genome mapping phase' of the HGP, but it was certainly in the many tens of millions of dollars (and probably hundreds of millions of dollars). These genome-mapping efforts were quite expensive, but were essential at the time for generating an accurate genome sequence. The maps of the human genome served as 'scaffolds' on which to connect individual segments of assembled DNA sequence. The former was required at the time because there was otherwise no 'framework' for organizing the actual sequencing or the resulting sequence data. The HGP involved first mapping and then sequencing the human genome. The generated sequence did not come from one person's genome, and, being a 'reference' sequence of ~3 billion bases, really reflects half of what is generated when an individual person's ~6-billion-base genome is sequenced (see below). In the end, the quality of the 'finished' sequence was very high, with an estimated error rate of <1 in 100,000 bases note this is much higher than a typical human genome sequence produced today. The HGP generated a 'reference' sequence of the human genome - specifically, it sequenced one representative version of all parts of each human chromosome (totaling ~3 billion bases). How much did it cost to generate the first human genome sequence as part of the Human Genome Project?

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